Details, Fiction and CBP Forms

CBP Form 28 and CBP Form 29 play a critical role in the U.S. customs and import compliance process, and understanding their purpose is essential for importers, customs brokers, and businesses involved in international trade. These forms are not penalties by default, nor are they automatic signs of wrongdoing, but they do represent formal communication from U.S. Customs and Border Protection that requires attention, accuracy, and timely response. When handled correctly, they become part of a transparent compliance dialogue between importers and the government, helping ensure lawful trade while avoiding unnecessary delays, costs, or escalations.

CBP Form 28, formally known as the Request for Information, is issued when Customs needs additional details to verify an import entry. This may include clarification on classification, valuation, country of origin, related-party transactions, licensing, or supporting commercial documentation. The form reflects CBP’s responsibility to confirm that goods entering the United States meet all regulatory and legal requirements. Importantly, receiving a Form 28 does not automatically imply suspicion or violation. Often, it is simply a request to complete the record or confirm consistency between declared information and internal CBP data. Many Form 28 requests arise from routine audits, targeting programs, random sampling, or discrepancies that are minor and easily resolved with proper documentation.

The process surrounding Form 28 emphasizes accuracy and preparedness. Importers are typically given a deadline to respond, and the quality of the response matters as much as meeting the timeline. A thorough response usually includes clear explanations, organized documentation, and consistency with the original entry data. This is where strong internal recordkeeping becomes invaluable. Commercial invoices, packing lists, purchase orders, bills of lading, manufacturing affidavits, cost breakdowns, and transfer pricing documentation can all become relevant, depending on the nature of the inquiry. A clear and professional response helps CBP conclude its review efficiently and often closes the matter without further action.

CBP Form 29, known as the Notice of Action, is different in tone and implication. This form is used when CBP has made or intends to make a change to an entry, such as adjusting the classification, appraised value, duty rate, or marking requirements. Form 29 can be either informational or proposed, and understanding the distinction is crucial. An informational Form 29 simply notifies the importer of a completed action, while a proposed Form 29 gives the importer an opportunity to respond before the change is finalized. In the proposed scenario, the importer has a chance to present arguments, evidence, or legal justification to support the original declaration.

The issuance of a Form 29 often follows a Form 28, but not always. Sometimes CBP determines independently that a correction is necessary based on internal analysis or precedent rulings. The form reflects CBP’s authority to enforce customs laws while still allowing due process. For importers, this stage requires careful evaluation because the outcome can affect duty liability, compliance history, and future scrutiny. Responding effectively to a proposed Form 29 may involve citing tariff rulings, legal interpretations, prior CBP decisions, or technical product explanations. In some cases, professional assistance from a licensed customs broker or trade attorney becomes especially valuable.

Both Form 28 and Form 29 highlight the importance of proactive compliance rather than reactive problem-solving. Importers who invest in strong compliance programs, internal audits, and accurate classification processes are better positioned to handle these communications smoothly. CBP places increasing emphasis on informed compliance, meaning the responsibility to understand and apply customs laws rests heavily with the importer. These forms serve as mechanisms to reinforce that shared responsibility model, encouraging transparency and accuracy across the supply chain.

Another key aspect of these forms is their impact beyond a single shipment. Responses and outcomes become part of an importer’s compliance record, which CBP may consider when determining risk levels, audit frequency, or eligibility for trusted trader programs. Consistent, professional engagement with CBP builds credibility over time. Conversely, incomplete responses, missed deadlines, or repeated errors can trigger deeper reviews or audits. This makes it essential to treat each Form 28 or Form 29 as part of a broader compliance relationship rather than an isolated administrative task.

Timing and communication strategy also matter. Importers should acknowledge receipt, track deadlines carefully, and ensure internal teams are aligned before responding. Rushed or inconsistent answers can create confusion and prolong the process. Clear internal workflows—where documentation, product knowledge, and legal interpretation are coordinated—significantly improve outcomes. Even when CBP’s proposed action seems unfavorable, a calm, evidence-based response often leads to clarification, compromise, or at least a well-documented resolution.

From a business perspective, understanding these forms reduces uncertainty and operational disruption. Delays in cargo release, unexpected duty bills, or retroactive site adjustments can affect cash flow and supply chain planning. Knowledge empowers importers to anticipate potential questions and prepare documentation in advance, particularly for complex products, new suppliers, or evolving tariff classifications. Over time, this familiarity transforms CBP interactions from stressful events into manageable compliance checkpoints.

Ultimately, CBP Form 28 and CBP Form 29 are not merely bureaucratic paperwork; they are tools within a structured system designed to balance trade facilitation with regulatory enforcement. When approached with clarity, diligence, and respect for the process, they provide an opportunity for importers to demonstrate compliance, correct misunderstandings, and strengthen their standing with U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Understanding how these forms work, why they are issued, and how to respond effectively is a foundational skill for anyone involved in international trade, reinforcing the principle that informed, cooperative engagement leads to smoother and more predictable import operations.